With Due Respect: Did Apostle Paul endorse slavery?

 

Saint Paul Writing His Epistles, (Valentin de Boulogne, c. 1618 - 1620)

Recently I saw some Christian critics online saying that Christianity endorsed slavery, with special attention to Apostle Paul. After all, Paul instructed slaves to serve their masters well in Ephesians 6:5-8.

Slaves, obey your earthly masters with respect and fear, and with sincerity of heart, just as you would obey Christ. Obey them not only to win their favor when their eye is on you, but as slaves of Christ, doing the will of God from your heart. Serve wholeheartedly, as if you were serving the Lord, not people, because you know that the Lord will reward each one for whatever good they do, whether they are slave or free. -- Ephesians 6:5-8

However this is a very myopic reading. We have to be fair to the text. Paul lived in the 1st-century Roman Empire, where slavery was a widespread and deeply entrenched institution. His letters, written to early Christian communities, reflect this context. He does not explicitly condemn or endorse slavery as an institution, but his writings address how Christians should navigate relationships within that social structure.

Slaves in the Roman Empire
The modern concept of slavery is different from the Roman concept of it. Slavery in the Roman world was not based on race but on conquest, debt, or birth. Slaves could hold varied roles, from laborers to educated professionals, and manumission (freeing slaves) was common. Yes, slaves in the Roman Empire could earn their freedom.

Paul’s audience included both slaves and slaveholders, and his letters aimed to foster unity in diverse Christian communities.  As a religious leader, not a political revolutionary, Paul focused on spiritual transformation.

In one explicit example, Paul appealed for the freedom of a slave
In this short letter, Paul writes to Philemon, a Christian slaveholder, about Onesimus, an enslaved person who had become a Christian. Paul urges Philemon to receive Onesimus "no longer as a slave, but better than a slave, as a dear brother".

Perhaps the reason he was separated from you for a little while was that you might have him back forever— no longer as a slave, but better than a slave, as a dear brother. He is very dear to me but even dearer to you, both as a fellow man and as a brother in the Lord. - Philemon 1: 15-16

Paul’s language advocates for Onesimus’ freedom, as treating him as a "brother" in Christ undermines the slave-master dynamic.

William Wilberforce

Paul's letters inspired William Wilberforce to abolish slavery

William Wilberforce, the British parliamentarian and evangelical Christian who led the successful campaign to abolish the slave trade in the British Empire in 1807 (and slavery itself in 1833), drew deep inspiration from Scripture. His faith, awakened in the mid-1780s, compelled him to view abolition as a divine mandate to address social injustice.

In his diaries (as revealed by the book The Life of William Wilberforce), he would quote Galatians (one of Paul's letters) often.  It encapsulated his endurance amid fierce opposition, including parliamentary defeats, personal health struggles, and public vilification over nearly 20 years of advocacy.

Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. - Galatians 6:9

Wilberforce's worldview was shaped by verses emphasizing human equality, such as Galatians 3:28 ("There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus"), which he saw as a foundational critique of slavery's dehumanization.

So in Christ Jesus you are all children of God through faith, for all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. If you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise. - Galatians 3:26-29

Inspired by his Christian faith, he wrote in A Practical View of Christianity (1797),
“The grand object of religion is to bring the soul to a state of just affections towards God and man... the love of our neighbor must know no bounds.”

Conclusion
Paul did not endorse slavery as a moral good, but he also did not outright call for its abolition. His concerns were to encourage Christians to live out their faith within existing social structures while emphasizing spiritual equality and ethical treatment.

Paul's writings were also inspired William Wilberforce 1700 years later to abolish slavery in the British Empire.

Alternative Culture: Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter Review

Some months ago, I caught the film Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, a movie based on the mashup novel of the same name. Having low expectation due to the ridiculousness of the title, I was pleasantly surprised by the movie-- it was a lot better than I had anticipated.

Synopsis
Abraham Lincoln (Benjamin Walker) witnesses his mother murdered by a vampire when he was young. Thus he swears revenge against the vampires, and gets mentored by a vampire hunter named Henry Sturgess (Dominic Cooper).

However Lincoln realises that even if he slayed his mother's killer, he would have only killed one vampire. The vampires run the slave trade in the United States in order to obtain an ample supply of food (i.e. slaves). Thus Lincoln runs for president and makes abolishing slavery his top priority. This brings him into conflict with the head vampire Adam (Rufus Sewell).

Theological thoughts
Although the film itself is probably not meant to be thought-provoking, there was one scene that made me think deeply. In one of the scenes, Lincoln finds himself pinned against the floor via a chair. Adam then goes into a long harangue, telling Lincoln that slavery was an inevitable consequence of human existence.

From the Jews in ancient Egypt to the Africans in the colonial times, Adam reminds Lincoln that some men are meant to be ruled. However, he goes further than that. He asserts that even if Lincoln was opposed to the slavery of the blacks, Lincoln was already a slave-- a slave to an ideal.

Does he have a point?
You might find it surprising that I think Adam is right. Slavery is inevitable, especially when it comes to ideals. Some of us are slaves to money, slaves to power and even slaves to celebrities.

The point is this, no matter what we do, we are a slave, or are chained to our desires. And the Bible accepts this metaphor to: Consider what Romans 6:16 says

Don’t you know that when you offer yourselves to someone as obedient slaves, you are slaves of the one you obey—whether you are slaves to sin, which leads to death, or to obedience, which leads to righteousness?

As we read on in Romans 6: 17-18:

But thanks be to God that, though you used to be slaves to sin, you have come to obey from your heart the pattern of teaching that has now claimed your allegiance. You have been set free from sin and have become slaves to righteousness.

So the only way to be free to be follow God. However, if we read carefully, we would not stop being slaves -- we become slaves to righteousness. Even Jesus says in Matthew 11:28-30 that he offers a yoke:


“Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. For my yoke is easy and my burden is light.”

Why is being a slave to Christ better than being a slave to our desires? Ironically Christ's death for us frees us from the death that results from sin, if we read on in Romans 6:19-23:

^"I am using an example from everyday life because of your human limitations. Just as you used to offer yourselves as slaves to impurity and to ever-increasing wickedness, so now offer yourselves as slaves to righteousness leading to holiness. When you were slaves to sin, you were free from the control of righteousness. What benefit did you reap at that time from the things you are now ashamed of? Those things result in death! But now that you have been set free from sin and have become slaves of God, the benefit you reap leads to holiness, and the result is eternal life. For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord."

Christ is the only one that frees us from our sinful desires.


Back to the film

I surprisingly enjoyed the film and loved the action scenes. I give this movie a 70/100.